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Molecular genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus in Kenya
(S. Karger AG, 2009-03-04) Joseph Mwangi,; Nganga, Zipporah W.; Elijah Songok,; Joyceline Kinyua,; Nancy Lagat,; Joseph Muriuki,; Raphael Lihana,; Samoel Khamadi,; Saida Osman,; Raphael Lwembe,; Michael Kiptoo,; Matilu Mwau,; Ruth Chirchir,; Solomon Mpoke,; Jack Nyamongo,; Fred Okoth,; Rika Yamada,; Seiji Kageyama,; Hiroshi Ichimura
Abstract Eight genotypes of hepatitis B virus (A-H) and subgenotypes have been recognized worldwide. However, there is limited information on prevalent genotypes in many countries in Africa. This study was undertaken to determine the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Kenya. Seropositive HBV blood samples from a blood donor setting were used in the study. HBV genotypes were determined in 52 nucleic acid-positive samples using specific primer in a nested PCR and sequencing employed in the HBV genotyping. This study shows presence of HBV variants with genotypes A (88%), E (8%) and D (4%). In conclusion, we found that HBV genotype A is the most predominant genotype in Kenya with both subgenotype A1 and A2 present. Genotype D and E are also present in our population. This demonstrates that there could be a high genetic diversity of HBV in Kenya.
Moderating Effect of Marketing Mix Strategy on the Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction of Commercial Bank Customers, Nairobi Kenya
(iJARS Group, 2017-02-01) Aliata, Victor L.; Ojera, Patrick B.; Mise, Jairo K.
Marketing strategy remains a critical driver of customer satisfaction and competitiveness in the banking industry globally. Despite this, Commercial banks in Kenya are yet to attain required customer satisfaction levels. This is evident in the low average customer satisfaction index (CSI) which dropped from 67% in 2011 with a downward trend to 60% in 2015 way below the Kenyan Banking industry benchmark of 77%. Studies on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction revealed both positive and negative results. These suggest that the relationship may be affected by other factors such as marketing mix strategy. Previous studies have not addressed the role of marketing mix strategy comprising of product, price, promotion, place, people, process and physical evidence in the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. The role of a moderating variable like marketing mix strategy can have a strong influence on the strength of the relationship thus it’s needed for the study. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of marketing mix strategy on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction of commercial bank customers in Nairobi, Kenya. vickyaliata@yahoo.com *Corresponding Author Email Id DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20908/ijarsijec.v3i1.7077 iJARS International Journal of Economics and Commerce ISSN: 2455-149X Volume III, Issue 1 (Jan/Feb - 2017) www.economics. ijarsgroup.com Manuscript Id: iJARS/1385 2 Authors Copy; Restricted to Personal Use Only any manipulation will be against copy Right Policy @ iJARS Group A sample of 384 was drawn using proportionate stratified random sampling technique to constitute 242 Retail, 81 Business and 61 corporate customers. The results revealed that Marketing mix strategy significantly moderated the relationship between service quality and customer
Effect of CUO2 Plane on the Thermodynamic Properties of Double Tl-O Layered Cuprate Based on an Interaction Between Cooper Pair and an Electron
(The Centre for Info Bio Technology, 2016-06) Odhiambo, J. O; Sakwa, Thomas W.; Rapando, B. W.; Ayodo, Y. K.
Electron interaction near the critical temperature is viewed as a contributor to the establishment of the energy gap which of late is projected to be a harbinger to explaining microscopic mechanism behind High temperature superconductivity. This study investigated the effects of the number of planes of CuO2 on the thermodynamic properties of double Tl-O layered compounds: Tl2Ba2CaxCuyOz (Tl22XY) High temperature superconducting cuprates due to an interaction between a Cooper Pair and an electron. The energy of interaction at the critical temperature (Tc) was seen to increase with increase in the number of CuO2 planes. The specific heat per unit mass, Sommerfeld coefficient as well as the entropy per unit mass, decreased with an increase in the number of CuO2 planes. The peak Sommerfeld coefficient temperature (T’) was noted to be approximately 0.66Tc in all considered cases of Tl22XY.
Pair Distribution Function for Interacting Bosons and the Ground-state Energy of Solid Helium-4
(National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, 2009-05) Khanna, K. M.; Ayodo, Y. K.; Sakwa, Thomas W.; Rotich, S. K.; Torongey, T. K.; Mbugua, W. S.
The pair distribution function g(r) for a system of bosons interacting through a two-body potential composed of a hard core followed by a square well has been obtained using the reaction matrix formalism for the energy excitation spectrum Ek and the fundamental definition relating the structure factor S(k) and g(r). This has been used in obtaining the ground state energy of solid ⁴He using the kinetic energy and potential energy expressions of Hansen and Levesque. The most stable ground state of solid ⁴He corresponds to a potential width of b = 3.8 Å, but the corresponding ⟨E⟩/N for the density, ρ, of solid ⁴He is very large compared with the experimental value. However, for b = 4.81 Å and ρ = 2.8 × 10²² particles/cm³, ⟨E⟩/N = -11.24 K = -93.4 Joule/mol, and for b = 4.82 Å and ρ = 2.5 × 10²² particles/cm³, ⟨E⟩/N = -6.84 K ≈ -56.8 Joule/mol. The experimental value for the ground state energy of solid ⁴He is -59.5 J/mol.
Doped Mott Insulators within the Strong Coupling Regime
(2017-07) Waswa, Michael N.; Ayodo, Yudah K.; Sakwa, Thomas W.; Ndinya, Bonface; Kibe, H.
We have studied the thermodynamic properties of electron doped Niodium Cellenium Copper Oxide (Nd2-xCexCuO4 -NCCO) and Praseodymium Cellenium Copper Oxide (Pr2-xCexCuO4-PCCO) and hole doped Yitrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBa2CuO7-YBCO) and Lanthanum Strontium Copper Oxide (La2-xSrxCuO4- LSCO) within the framework of modified Bose-Fermi-Hubbard model in the strong coupling limit where U/t=12. The total energy of the system increases exponentially with the temperature which is attributed to increased thermal fluctuations thus enhancing the conduction electrons. At lower temperatures, entropy increases exponentially and corresponds to ~3.1 ×10-3 eV/K2 for YBCO and ~3.2 ×10-3 eV/K2 for LSCO occurring respectively at 297 K and 239 K is noted. At 200 K, NCCO and PCCO have numerical entropies of ~3.097 ×10-3 eV/K2 and ~2.663 ×10-3 eV/K2 respectively. Apparently, the maximum entropy for electron-doped system is smaller than that of the hole-doped ones indicating that electron-doped PCCO would be preferred for high-TC superconductivity since SC process is a high order process that requires low entropy.