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Community Level Factors Influencing Contraceptives Use among Pastoralist Women in West Pokot County, Kenya: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
(Evidence-Based Nursing Research, 2025-10) Kipunaa, Samuel L.; Mary C.Kipmerewo,; AlexK. Chebor
Context: Family planning is an essential aspectof reproductive health, crucial for controlling population growth, improving maternal and child health, and empowering women. However, its use in the pastoralist communities is still low. There is limited evidence about the determinants for non-utilization of contraceptives by marginalized populations. Aim: The study assessescommunity-level determinants affecting contraceptive usage among pastoralist women in West Pokot County, Kenya. Methods: The study employed a community-based, cross-sectional, correlational design involving578 women aged 15–49 years. Multistage sampling was used, with 40 out of 115 community units being sampled. Quantitative data were gathered through a structured interview questionnaire, while the key informant guide and focused group discussion guide were used for qualitative data. Results: The study showsthat 328(56.7%) of the respondents were aged between 14 and 29 years. The majority, 514(88.9%) of the respondents were married, and only 33(5.7%) were singles. The findings reveal religion support (p<0.001), cultural support (p<0.039), discussion with spouse (p<0.001), person who decided number of children (p<0.043), type of health facility seeking services from, and instances that could not access Family Planning method were associated with the uptake (p<0.05). Religion support (OR= 1.80;95% CI: 1.31-2-46), cultural support (OR= 1.54; 95% CI: 1.02-2.32), discussion on family planning method with husband (OR= 2.46; 95% CI: 1.8-3.37), who decides number of children jointly (OR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.00-2.17, p=0.043),and type of health facility seeking family planning services, private clinic (OR= 1.99; 95% CI: 0.99-3.97, p=0.051)and faith based facility (OR= 2.91; 95% CI: 1.26-6.72, p=0.012)were markedly correlated with the use of family planning. Qualitative data identified distance and cost as significant barriers to accessing family planning. A participant had this to say: “You can get family planning methods in a government hospital, but it is not always easy to get there because it is far(distance) from where we live...".Conclusion: The study concludes thatsocio-cultural factors and social norms influence the use of contraception within the pastoral community; their culture favors large families, gives men and mothers-in-law a say in making reproductive health choices. Health system factors were also identified as influencing family planning uptake; facility type and distance to a health facility were major factors.
Extreme Value Theory and 2D Non-Homogeneous Poisson Models for Estimating Value at Risk
(IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2025-09) Lawrence M. Matuku,; Zakayo N. Morris,; Peter G. Murage,; Mugambi, Joseph M.
Extreme financial events have historically led to substantial market disruptions and losses for investors, institutions, and governments. Traditional risk assessment tools, such as Value at Risk (VaR), often fail to accurately capture these rare but severe losses due to their reliance on normal distribution assumptions. This limitation has driven the adoption of Extreme Value Theory (EVT), which offers a more robust framework for modeling tail risk using the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Generalized Pareto Distributions (GPD). This study addresses a critical gap in the literature by integrating EVT with a Two-Dimensional Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (2D-NHPP), allowing the distributional parameters—location, scale, and shape—to vary over time as linear functions of market volatility and interest rates. Unlike most existing models that assume the independence of extreme events and static risk levels, the proposed framework dynamically captures both the frequency and severity of extreme returns in response to changing economic conditions. Using daily data from the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) 20 Share Index and Central Bank of Kenya interest rates from 2014 to 2023, the model parameters were estimated using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method. The result shows that volatility increases all the three measures, meaning that there will be higher variability and likelihood of extreme losses, while, interest rate increases are found to decrease the tail risk. As shown in the case of VaR estimates, the proposed approach is more responsive and accurate as compared to traditional methods. The study also establishes that 2D-NHPP model developed from EVT is a more accurate and flexible model for risk evaluation in emergent markets. Governments and regulatory bodies should embrace this model in order to enhance risk modeling, stress testing and policy making for their monetary institutions. Further studies should extend the scope of independent variables and compare the model in various markets to increase its scope and accuracy.
The Effect of Tax Compliance Costs on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Western Kenya
(East African Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 2025-09) Francis Omari Khaemba ,; Dr. Rashid Fwamba Simiyu,; Dr. Lusala, Victor A.
The study examines the impact of tax compliance costs on the financial performance of commercial banks in Western Kenya. The study is set against the backdrop of a rapidly changing economic landscape in Kenya, where tax compliance costs have become a significant burden for commercial banks. The researcher reviews the literature on tax compliance costs and financial performance, and highlights the need for a study that examines the impact of tax compliance costs on financial performance in the context of commercial banks in Western Kenya. The study identifies the problem of high tax compliance costs as a significant challenge facing commercial banks in Western Kenya. The researcher notes that high tax compliance costs can lead to reduced financial performance, and highlights the need for a study that examines the impact of tax compliance costs on financial performance. The study reviews the relevant theories, including the Pecking Order Theory, Stakeholder Theory, and Agency Theory, and highlights their relevance to the study. The study uses a mixedmethods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. The researcher collects data from 180 managers of commercial banks in Western Kenya, and uses descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to analyze the data. The researcher finds that tax compliance costs have a significant positive impact on financial performance, and highlights the need for commercial banks to manage their tax compliance costs effectively in order to improve their financial performance. The study concludes that tax compliance costs have a significant impact on financial performance of commercial banks in Western Kenya. The researcher recommends that commercial banks should manage their tax compliance costs effectively, and that policymakers should consider policies that reduce tax compliance costs in order to improve financial performance. The study contributes to the existing literature on tax compliance costs and financial performance, and provides insights into the impact of tax compliance costs on financial performance of commercial banks in Western Kenya. The findings of the study have implications for policymakers, regulators, and commercial banks, and highlight the need for effective management of tax compliance costs in order to improve financial performance.
Exploring the Experience of Teachers in Management of discipline among the Students using Mentorship in Secondary Schools in Thika West Sub-County, Kiambu County-Kenya
(International Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities, 2024) Nkangi, Josephine N.; Godfrey Mbaabu Limungi
Formal education conducted through a schooling system in contemporary society is key to the integral development of persons and in turn, societal development. It provides an opportunity to enhance holistic development including physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and moral guaranteeing a prosperous society. We utilized a qualitative phenomenological study design, using a face-to-face interview to collect data from 10 secondary school teachers in Thika sub-county-Kiambu County. Audio-recorded data was transcribed and analysed using an inductive thematic approach, and results were presented in narrations. Results revealed that mentorship is a new approach in schools. Different measures which included Preventive measures, Supportive discipline, and corrective measures were utilized in managing discipline among the students. Challenges involved in mentorship programs included inadequate time, lack of training, and Lack of, or weak structures to sustain effective mentorship programs. Mentoring as a model for managing discipline is a new approach that is not well entrenched in schools. It has challenges and therefore requires a lot of support and empowerment for teachers to be able to domesticate it in their cultures and day-to-day engagement with students. Therefore, to use alternative approaches in disciplining students, it is imperative to equip teachers with adequate skills to cultivate cooperative relationships that encourage students to be open and close to being mentored and guided. In addition, there should be concerted efforts by the school Boards of Management (BOMs) as well as the government through the Ministry of Education to capacity build the parents through seminars and workshops to appreciate their role in their children’s discipline to promote sustained and seamless support of the children.
Determinants of the Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies by the Smallholder Farmers in Hiran region, Somalia
(Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 2024) Odawa A. A.; Mucheru-Muna M.; Dominic M.; Benson, Mburu K.; Omari E. N.
East Africa, notably Somalia, is one of the worst-affected regions by climate crises. Adaptation to climate change can be used to minimize many of climate change's negative consequences while maximizing its positive effects. This necessitated the need to; (i) identify the smallholder farmers' adaptation methods to the negative impact of the climate crisis and (ii) identify factors that affect farmers' adaptation practices in the Hiran region of Somalia. The study used a descriptive study design where a random sample of 222 farmers from the Hiran Region were involved. The research surveys among the selected farmers were conducted using a questionnaire. The Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that age, family size, marital status, non-farm income, off-farm jobs, access to credits, access to extension, and support from extension agencies were major predictors of the different climate change adaptation measures of the farmers. Therefore, the Federal government ought to review farmer extension systems and design farm management adoption programs based on the socio-economic and institutional characteristics of the farmers and create a favorable environment for the provision of agricultural credits to the farmers in efforts to boost farmers' climate resilience.