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Recent Submissions

Interventions for Addressing Incivility among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Mixed Study Review.
(EBSCO, 2021-01-01) Kamolo, Elizabeth K. Njung'e, Winfridah W.
Incivility in nursing education, in both the classroom and clinical placements is an area of growing concern and has been perpetrated by clinical placement preceptors, academic staff, students and patients. Effects of incivility include physical and psychological on the victims, and may ultimately lead to unsafe patient care. Little is known regarding effective interventions to prevent or mitigate the practice of incivility in the nursing education context. The objective of the study was to conduct a mixed study review of literature to determine strategies used to address incivility and their outcomes among undergraduate nursing students. 12 studies met inclusion criteria. Multipronged educational interventions, mainly featuring aspects of Cognitive Rehearsal Therapy, were employed as strategies. All studies reported positive outcomes including increased knowledge and self-efficacy in recognising and managing uncivil behaviours among participants. Incorporating active learning strategies can be an effective tool in the management of uncivil behaviours and can be integrated in existing courses within the curriculum. However, there in need for more robust studies in the area, as indicated by low level evidence of reviewed studies
Vector competence of Aedes aegypti populations from Kilifi and Nairobi for dengue 2 virus and the influence of temperature
(BioMed Central, 2014-12) Edith Chepkorir,; Joel Lutomiah,; James Mutisya,; Francis Mulwa,; Konongoi Limbaso,; Benedict Orindi,; Ng’ang’a, Zipporah W.; Rosemary Sang
Abstract Background: Susceptibility of Ae. aegypti mosquito to dengue virus (DENV) varies geographically and can be influenced by climatic factors such as temperature, which affect the incidence, seasonality and distribution of vector-borne diseases. The first outbreak of dengue fever (DF) in Kenya occured in 1982 in the coastal towns of Malindi and Kilifi. Unlike Nairobi where no active dengue transmission has been reported, DF is currently re-emerging at the Coast causing major outbreaks. This study investigated the vector competence of Ae. aegypti populations from two urban areas, Kilifi (Coast of Kenya) and Nairobi (Central Kenya), for DEN-2 virus and the influence of temperature on the same. Methods: Four-day old adult female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected as eggs from the two sites were exposed to defibrinated sheep blood mixed with DEN-2 virus (105.08 PFU/ml) using a membrane feeder. Half of the exposed mosquitoes were incubated at high temperature (30°C) and the other half at low temperature (26°C), and every 7 days up to day 21 post-infection 30% of the exposed mosquitoes were randomly picked, individually dissected, separated into abdomen and legs, and tested for midgut and disseminated infection, respectively, including virus quantification by plaque assay using Vero cells. Results: Nairobi mosquito populations exhibited significantly higher midgut infection rates (16.8%) compared to the Kilifi population (9%; p = 0.0001). Midgut infection rates among the populations varied with temperature levels with a significantly higher infection rate observed for Nairobi at high (21.3%) compared to low temperature (12.0%; p = 0.0037). Similarly, for the Kilifi population, a significantly higher infection rate was recorded at high (11.6%) relative to low temperature (6.8%; p = 0.0162). It is however, noteworthy that disseminated infection was higher among the Kilifi mosquito population (40.7%) than in Nairobi mosquitoes (10.3%; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The findings show a clear inherent difference between the two populations in their ability to develop disseminated infection with high temperature having an added effect of enhancing vector competence. Therefore, the inherent difference among the two populations of Ae. aegypti coupled with prevailing ambient temperature could partly explain the distribution of dengue 2 virus between the Coastal and Nairobi regions in Kenya.
Nurses’ knowledge Regarding Intravenous Fluid Therapy at a County Hospital in Kenya
(Elsevier, 2021-01-01) Njung'e, Winfridah W.; Kamolo, Elizabeth Kalondu
Inadequate knowledge of intravenous fluid therapy among health care workers is a leading cause of errors resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Because nurses are the cornerstone of infusion therapy, their knowledge of this subject is critical. This study assessed nurses’ knowledge of Intravenous fluid therapy and examined relationships between their knowledge and the nurses’ demographic and training characteristics. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 52 staff nurses working in medical and surgical wards was carried out at a County teaching hospital in Kenya. A validated 10-item survey questionnaire was used to measure nurses’ knowledge of basic aspects of intravenous fluids, including classification, ionic composition, indications, administration, monitoring, and related complications. The data were entered and analyzed by SPSS version 21. Results Overall, the mean knowledge score on intravenous fluid therapy among nurses was 57.4% (SD = ±28.55), depicting moderately adequate knowledge. Adequate knowledge regarding intravenous fluid therapy was present in only 12% of the nurses, whereas 23% had inadequate knowledge. Knowledge deficiencies were highest regarding the ionic composition of intravenous fluids. A positive correlation was observed between nurses’ intravenous fluid therapy knowledge and previous further training on intravenous fluids (p<0.001), level of education (p < 0.001), and ward (p = 0.03). Conclusion Nurses’ knowledge of intravenous fluid therapy is moderately adequate. Continuous education and training of nurses on IV fluid therapy should be conducted regularly to improve their knowledge and consequently, the quality of patient care. Further research involving direct observation of nurses during intravenous fluid therapy is needed for validation of competency.
Thermodynamic Properties of Mercury Based Cuprate due to Cooper Pair - Electron Interaction
(2016) Odhiambo, J. O.; Sakwa, Thomas W.; Ayodo, Y. K.; Rapando, B. W.
Interaction between electrons at the critical temperature that culminates into formation of Cooper pair holds the key in explaining cuprates high temperature superconductivity. We study the effects of the number of copper oxide planes on thermodynamic properties of Mercury based high temperature superconductivity due to an interaction between cooper pair and electrons. We noted that the energy of interaction at the critical temperature was seen to increase with increase in the number of copper oxide planes. The specific heat, Sommerfeld coefficient and the entropy per unit mass, decreased with an increase in the number of copper oxide planes. The peak Sommerfeld coefficient temperature was noted to be approximately 0.66 times critical temperature in all considered cases of mercury based cuprates.
Investigation of Structural and Electronic Properties of CH3NH3PbI3 Stabilized by Varying Concentrations of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)
(MDPI, 2017-08) Awino, Celline; Odari, Victor; Dittrich, Thomas; Prajongtat, Pongthep; Sakwa, Thomas W.
Studies have shown that perovskites have a high potential of outdoing silicon based solar cells in terms of solar energy conversion, but their rate of degradation is also high. This study reports on improvement on the stability of CH3NH3PbI3 by passivating it with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Structural and electronic properties of CH3NH3PbI3 stabilized by polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were investigated by varying concentrations of PMMA in the polymer solutions. Stability tests were performed over a period of time using modulated surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The XRD patterns confirm the tetragonal structure of the deposited CH3NH3PbI3 for every concentration of PMMA. Furthermore, CH3NH3PbI3 coated with 40 mg/mL of PMMA did not show any impurity phase even after storage in air for 43 days. The Tauc gap (ETauc) determined on the basis of the in-phase SPV spectra was found in the range from 1.585 to 1.62 eV for the samples stored during initial days, but shifted towards lower energies as the storage time increased. This can be proposed to be due to different chemical reactions between CH3NH3PbI3/PMMA interfaces and air. PL intensity increased with increasing concentration of PMMA except for the perovskite coated with 40 mg/mL of PMMA. PL quenching in the perovskite coated with 40 mg/mL of PMMA can be interpreted as fast electron transfer towards the substrate in the sample. This study shows that, with an optimum concentration of PMMA coating on CH3NH3PbI3, the lifetime and hence stability on electrical and structural behavior of CH3NH3PbI3 is improved.